Memes Shaping the Blogosphere :: Memetics Science Genes Brain Essays

Memes Shaping the Blogosphere The science of memetics – the scientific and systematic study of memes and their propagation – is not quite considered a science yet. People will concede that memes are a key factor in cultural evolution, but they are too difficult to track, too unpredictable to study closely. Unless we "someday discover a striking identity between brain structures storing the same information, allowing us to identify memes syntactically" (Dennett 354), it would seem that there is little hope for a science of memetics. How can we explore and apply memetics to culture if we cannot isolate and investigate the memes themselves, and their behaviors and effects? While memes' motion and influence through culture at large is perhaps impossible to analyze using a precise methodology, memes' virus-like spread on the internet – most notably throughout the so-called "blogosphere" – is easier to follow. Consequently, it is also much easier to highlight how memes have directed the evolution of the "blogosphere," and, indeed, of blogging and internet itself. Richard Dawkins, who is credited with coining the term "meme," defines it as: ...a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation... Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperm or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation (Dennett 344-5). Since the blogosphere can be defined as the internet space populated by weblogs, memes travel through it not from brain to brain, but from page to page, leaving a trail that can be monitored and analyzed. Memes have been an important part of the blogging world since at least 2001, when "Best Meme" first appeared as a category in The Bloggies, the annual Oscars of weblogging. The winner in the "Best Meme" category that year was "A Day Without Weblogs," which suggested that each December 1st, people use their weblogs to link to information and resources about AIDS, in memory of those who had died. "A Day Without Weblogs" had in fact begun with only fifty blogs in 1999, but by 2001, over 1,000 webloggers participated (Link and Think, 2003). The success of "A Day Without Weblogs" was one of the first demonstrations of the power and reach of the blogging community. The success of the project helped bring crucial attention to a serious issue, and mobilized many casual web surfers to donate time and money to the cause. Memes Shaping the Blogosphere :: Memetics Science Genes Brain Essays Memes Shaping the Blogosphere The science of memetics – the scientific and systematic study of memes and their propagation – is not quite considered a science yet. People will concede that memes are a key factor in cultural evolution, but they are too difficult to track, too unpredictable to study closely. Unless we "someday discover a striking identity between brain structures storing the same information, allowing us to identify memes syntactically" (Dennett 354), it would seem that there is little hope for a science of memetics. How can we explore and apply memetics to culture if we cannot isolate and investigate the memes themselves, and their behaviors and effects? While memes' motion and influence through culture at large is perhaps impossible to analyze using a precise methodology, memes' virus-like spread on the internet – most notably throughout the so-called "blogosphere" – is easier to follow. Consequently, it is also much easier to highlight how memes have directed the evolution of the "blogosphere," and, indeed, of blogging and internet itself. Richard Dawkins, who is credited with coining the term "meme," defines it as: ...a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation... Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperm or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation (Dennett 344-5). Since the blogosphere can be defined as the internet space populated by weblogs, memes travel through it not from brain to brain, but from page to page, leaving a trail that can be monitored and analyzed. Memes have been an important part of the blogging world since at least 2001, when "Best Meme" first appeared as a category in The Bloggies, the annual Oscars of weblogging. The winner in the "Best Meme" category that year was "A Day Without Weblogs," which suggested that each December 1st, people use their weblogs to link to information and resources about AIDS, in memory of those who had died. "A Day Without Weblogs" had in fact begun with only fifty blogs in 1999, but by 2001, over 1,000 webloggers participated (Link and Think, 2003). The success of "A Day Without Weblogs" was one of the first demonstrations of the power and reach of the blogging community. The success of the project helped bring crucial attention to a serious issue, and mobilized many casual web surfers to donate time and money to the cause.

Contract Law – Intention to Oontract

Contract Law 1 Intention to Create Legal Relations In order for a contract to be valid there must be intention to create legal relations. Enright notes ‘the requirement of intention to create legal relations is a final doorkeeper in contract. It determines which agreements supported by consideration shall be covered by contract law and which shall merely be morally binding. ’ This requirement was expressly stated for the first time in Heilbut, Symons & Co V Buckleton.Friel notes that important as there are a great many agreements and arrangements that, though possessing many of the characteristics of contract, probably are not intended to attract legal consequences. Intention to be legally bound operates on the basis of presumptions. The test for intention is objective. The court will impute intention to create legal relations to the parties on the basis on external factors rather than on the workings of the parties’ minds. Intention and Presumptions There are two presumptions in this area: 1.There is a presumption that agreements between family members or friends are not intended to be legally binding. 2. There is a presumption that agreements which are made in a commercial context are intended to be legally binding. Social and Domestic Arrangements A close family of social relationship raises a presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. The seminal case, Balfour V Balfour involved maintenance payments to be sent home to his wife while he was working abroad. The court held that agreements between husband and wife are not intended to be legally binding.The closer the blood relationship the more readily the presumption will be raised and the more distant the degree of blood relationship, the more likely the courts will infer an intention to be legally binding. This can be seen in Simpkins V Pays where an informal agreement between a landlord and his lodger, to enter into a weekly competition, held lodger entitled to share of winnings, despite landlord’s evidence that there was no intention to be legally bound. Rogers V Smith shows the same principal in Balfour V Balfour applied to other family relationships. It was held in this case that the agreement between a mother nd her son did not attract legal relations. Likewise in Mckay V Jones where a nephew had worked on his uncle’s farm for some years without payment, claimed that the uncle had promised to the farm when he died. Deale J. Ruled that it was nothing more than a statement of intention or wish by the deceased†¦.. no promise was made as the agreement was between family members. In contrast to this case is McCarron V McCarron where a child worked without reward for 16 years. The child was said to have lost out more in McCarron and therefore had a greater detriment or reliance on the compensation promised.The dates between this cases may explain the different points of view. In Leahy V Rawson found that an agreement between her no n-marital partner’s brother, did not attract the presumption as it only applies to the closest family kinships, such as parent and child and spouses. The courts also held the same principal in social arrangements as was shown in Hadley V Kemp. In this case the court raised the presumption that an agreement as to the sharing of songwriter’s loyalties with other members of his band (Spandau Ballet) was not intended to create legal relations.Enright notes that a degree of intimacy is required between the parties in order to raise the presumption. The issue is not of status but closeness. We can contrast Balfour with Merritt V Merritt. As in Balfour, the parties were husband and wife and the agreement concerned an allowance, yet, in Merritt, the court chose to enforce the agreement. Merritt is distinguished however, on the grounds that the husband and wife were separated, so they were not in a close relationship any longer and so the presumption of lack of intention to cre ate legal relations could not be raise.For the same reason, and as it appears in Courtney V Courtney, a separation agreement will not attract the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. It is the parties’ relationship at the time of contracting which matters. That is clear from the mother-daughter case of Jones V Padavatton. In this case, the mother agreed to maintain her daughter if she came home and studied for the Bar. Over time their relationship broke down but the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations stood because of their close relationship at the time. Rebutting the PresumptionThere is some authority to the effect that the courts are more likely to find that the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations has been rebutted where one party has relied on the agreement. This is seen in Parker V Clarke, involved two couples who were close friends. The Clarks told the Parkers if they sold their cottage they could move in with them, that the Clarks would leave some of their considerable estate to the Parkers on his death. Sometime after the couple moved in they fell out and the Parkers were forced to move out. They sued the Clarks for breach of contract.Because of the parties close relationship at the time of contracting, the presumption was that it was not intended to be legally binding. However, the court found that the Parkers’ detrimental reliance on the agreement in leaving their home was a factor strong enough to rebut the presumption, and intention to create legal relations was thereby found. The party alleging that a family agreement was intended to be legally binding bears the onus of rebutting the presumption that it was not so intended. It is significant that in a family agreement was made in a business context.So, for example, an agreement made in connection with a family business, such as that between brothers, directors of the company in Snelling V John G Snelling Ltd, is unl ikely to fall foul of the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. The words used by the parties in setting out their agreement and, in particular, the level of certainty attaching to the agreement were also important. The fact that the parties have taken time to set out their agreement with formality and precision suggests that they intended it to be legally bound.On the other hand, where an agreement is expressed in vague terms, it tends to suggest that the parties did not intend to create a legally binding agreement. This is clear from Vaughan V Vaughan. This case concerned a couple who were no longer living in amity. They had agreed that the wife could stay in the matrimonial home. However, they had not decided how long she could stay for, or on what terms. Accordingly, their agreement was so vague in its essentials that the Court could not confer intention to create legal intentions in it.Commercial Agreements Commercial agreements raise the presumption that intention to create legal relations is present. It is difficult to rebut this assumption. The burden of proof is on the party seeking to deny it and that burden, according to Edwards V Skyways, is a heavy one. Vagueness on the essential terms of the contract tends to suggest an absence of intention to create legal relations. For example, the courts will rarely be able to find intention to create legal relations in so-called sales puffs.Thus, in Lambert V Lewis, no contract arose from a manufacturer’s statement that his product was ‘foolproof’ and ‘required no maintenance’ because his statements were ‘not intended to be, nor were they, acted on as being express warranties’. A lot depends on the facts of the case at hand. In Esso Petroleum V Commissioner of Customs and Excise, a binding contract was deemed to arise from a transaction in which football tokens were offered to anyone who purchased four gallons of the plaintiff’s petrol .According to Lord Simon ‘†¦. the whole transaction took place in a setting of business relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, the purpose of the offer being commercial: Esso wanted the public to buy its petrol. Rebutting the Presumption Cadbury Ireland Ltd V Kerry Co-Op shows how a number of factors can operate to rebut the presumption of intention to create legal relations. In this case, a clause held not intended to be legally binding despite its solemnity: it was an argument to draw up a detailed agreement, but could not be relied upon itself.Even in a commercial context, the presumption in favour of the intention to create legal relations can be dispatched by a very clear expression of lack of intention. A classic example of this is in Rose and Frank Co V Crompton Bros. In this case, the parties had agreed that the plaintiff would be permitted to distribute the defendants’ goods in the US. The agreement however contained an ‘honourable pledge clause’. The cour t held that the agreement could not be enforced because of this clause. The court also found the wording precise enough to rebut the presumption in Jones V Vernon’s Pools Ltd.Collective Agreements Where a trade union negotiates an agreement with an employer on behalf of its members, does this agreement attract the presumption of intention to create legal relations? In the English case of Ford Motor Co Ltd V Amalgamated Union of Engineering and Foundry Workers, it is said that the presumption in relation to collective agreements is that they are not made with the intention to create legal relations. However, Irish Law takes a contrary view, tending to favour the enforcement of collective agreements via contract.So in Ardmore Studios V Lynch, it was suggested that a collective agreement which is set out in a clear specific manner will take legal effect. The Supreme Court took up this thread in Goulding Chemicals V Bolger. For the purposes of Irish Law, it seems safe to say that collective agreements can be enforced in the same manner as any other commercial agreement and attract the presumption that the intention of legal relations is present. In O’Rourke V Talbot Ireland, Barrington J treated a collective agreement as a commercial agreement.Similarly, in King V Aer Lingus the Supreme Court took the view that some of the commitments given by Aer Lingus to its employees as part of a collective agreement were binding. A problem that continues to afflict collective agreements, however, is their characteristically vague language – the majority of collective agreements will be void for uncertainty. Letters of Intent V Letters of Comfort Enright notes that a letter of comfort is a document designed to reassure the person to whom it is provided about certain matters while stopping short of making any binding promise.A good example of the effects of a letter of comfort arose in Kleinwort Benson V Malaysia Mining Corp. Bhd. In this case, the plaintif f bank had agreed to lend money to the subsidiary of the Malaysia Mining Corporation. In the course of negotiations for the loan, the bank received a letter of comfort stating that: ‘it is policy to ensure that the business of our subsidiary is at all times in a position to meet its liabilities to you under the above arrangements. ’ Despite this reassurance, the Court of Appeal concluded that this statement did not bind the defendant.The letter was not, in fact, purporting a binding promise. It was simply stating that company’s policy, a policy that might be changed or adjusted in response to novel circumstances. It is important to note, however, that there is no concrete rule precluding a letter of comfort from giving rise to legal relations. Whether or not such letters creates a legally binding promise is a matter to to be discerned primarily from the language used. The simple fact that the words ‘letter of comfort’ have been used, while evidently relevant, may not conclusively prevent the agreement rom having legal implications. There is a lot of uncertainty in this area as in seen in the case of Wilson Smithett & Cape (Sugar) Ltd V Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation. A letter of intent, in contrast to a comfort letter, is one in which a person or company seeks to induce another entity to undertake work to incur expenditure, while denying or limiting liability to that other entity, often by insisting that liability turned on concluding a formal contract at a later date.In AC Controls Ltd V BBC, the court summarised the principals in relation to letters on intent. The general principal on letters of intent that seek to authorise work, materials or services pending the conclusion of a later contract is that such letters will be viewed as contracts in themselves as long as objective is present. In ERDC Group Ltd V Brunel University, the Court held that the work done prior to September had all been on the authority as set out in the series of Letters of Intent.The judge thought that the usual requirements for a contract were all there (intention to create a legal relationship, certainty, etc) and had all been there until 1 September. He therefore found that there had been a contract until then. Accordingly, ERDC was to be paid on the basis specified in the letters – the JCT rules. Conclusion It is contended that the requirement of intention to create legal intentions largely makes sense.Social and domestic agreements have the presumption as not having intention to create legal relations as there is a belief that such formalities are not required in this type of relationship. Enright notes that there are two reasons why this is employed. Firstly, if the rule were that social and domestic agreements were always legally binding, the courts might be flooded with petty disputes and the second is because it is felt that people should have the freedom to make certain types of private, persona l agreements without drawing the interference of the law into their lives.It is also understood that Commercial Agreements are correct as they do have the intention to create legal relations as there is the acceptance that such formalities should be required in this type of relationship. The ways to rebut this assumption also makes sense as it can be rebutted if the essential terms of the contract are vague or if the party seeking to deny it can prove that there was no intention. Enright notes the burden of proof is on the party seeking to deny it and that burden according to Edwards V Skyways, is a heavy one.

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Application For Teaching And Nutrition Essay - 851 Words

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I wish to develop my knowledge a nd career further t the Leeds Beckett University because I am convenient that this higher education provider recruits innovative and dedicated teachers. I was glad to acknowledge from the university prospectus that highly qualified team develop innovative materials. I would be glad to embark on this course and take ‘route two’ of the programme. I am the non – native speaker who is interested in developing the techniques and approaches to teach both the language systems and skills. I amShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose for a Career to Help People Achieve Overall Wellness1016 Words   |  4 Pagesgrocery store. I remember my brother not being too happy about the switch from whole milk to one-percent. After I graduated high school, I knew I wanted to pursue a degree in nutrition. However, by the time I was a senior in college, I had received many experiences that led me to my true passion: the field of public health. 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Essay on War Film Genre - 1668 Words

Matthew Jaskot English 102-7 9:30 A.M Avodian September 20, 2012 War from the Beginning War films have been around for quite some time. They have many different aspects to them. Each film has a little bit different view, depending on what the director wants the audience to get out of the movie. Some target the importance of how horrific and heart breaking war was, while others were used to inspire their country to support their troops. There are films though that go straight to the point of war and show all of the intense combat, the pain and suffering the soldiers did for their country, and the brutality of what countries did to prisoners in concentration camps. War films never get dull, they will keep the audience interested and†¦show more content†¦People could see what was happening at the war, and realize what their soldiers were going through. These films were used mostly as a recruitment use, and as way to make the people angry towards the enemy, suggesting that heroic American involvement would bring home victory. We could see our selves that the war demands not only on the nerves of the soldiers but also to those who had to stay at home (Kaes 22). Not only did films like these inspire people to join the military, but made the people who stayed at home become aware of the how nerve racking and crucial the war was. War films died off for a period of time after the war, since there was no need to rally the people during a time of peace. Eventually the films picked back in the mid twenties. The first film to really bring start the production of war films again was The Big Parade, it was the first to realistically portray the horrors of battle and the struggle for survival by three soldier-comrades. This film made more money than any other MGM production during this time. 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Comparison of Forest Policy of British Columbia and Ontario - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Comparison of Forest Policy of British Columbia and Ontario. Answer: Introduction British Columbia is considered to be on the Western Canada, located in the border of Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most biologically and ecologically diverse province in Canada. The forest in the province compose 91% of softwood thereby providing BC almost half of softwood industry of Canada. The forest governance in BC encompasses about 95% of 55 million hectares of diverse forests which are publicly owned and prioritised for resource management planning. The foundation of sustainable forest management in BC is considered for timber supply which is reviewed through independent chief forester for determining the quantity of wood which may be harvested from the individual province of 70 management units[1]. The forest laws and policies of Ontario are directed for sustainable management and usage of crown forests. This regulation is able to ensure that the forests remain healthy and provide the adequate benefits to present and future generations. The forest sustainability act is able to outline the way forest management planning, licenses, resources and revenue collection are maintained. In addition to this, Crown Forest Sustainability Act includes information management, forest operations, compliance, remedies and enforcement mechanisms. The report aims to show the difference between the forest policy of British Columbia and Ontario. Some of the main comparison areas of the report is included with the complexity of the reporting and state the major differences and public participation[2]. Complexity The main reason for the complexity for British Columbia is due to the political stripe of the government. Despite of the growth and sophistication of the forestry, bureaucracy and capitalists, forest industry was able to assert their short-term private economic priorities over the longer-term resources management goals of the professional foresters. During the early stages of forest industry of BCs, forest industry development was discerned with very limited political or economic scope for the advancement in the forestry pertaining to peoples share, which is allegedly a highly competitive and unstable enterprise[3]. In the starting of the twentieth century, BC was considered as one of the last timber frontiers in North America. Much of the timber was in private hands which got alienated with the railway land grants and the early crown giants. The timberlands were able to return small amount of annual revenue to the government which has kept the industry well supplied. To capture large amount of revenue of timber, the government had to adopt policy of allocating millions of acres for future cutting at low rental charges for this purpose. Some of the other complexities were evident with licenses changing hands more than once at a price approaching real market value of the timber, thereby ending up in the possession of large American timber holding firms. The important concern for the stability of tenure of more than fifteen thousand cutting licenses placed in private hands by 1907[4]. Ontario has recognised the process of climate change as a challenge requiring government action. The climate change strategy is committed to contributing to the global greenhouse gas emission reductions by the preparation of changing climate policy and continuing with the research to help assisting for the same and its implications on the environment. The existence of ecologically functional growth is considered to be an indicator of healthy forest ecosystem and its importance for the wellbeing of future generations[5]. A composite forest stand structure such as planting old trees for the ecosite, large trees along with wide spacing and multiple canopy layers and rates of the changes in the species composition is considered to be difficult. It is also difficult to understand the ecosystem functions such as stand productivity, nutrient cycling and wildlife habitat which are considered to be dissimilar from the early stages of the forest development. In addition to this, the presence of variability among the living organism from different foundations including the inter alia terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexities which are discerned to bring diversity among the species in the ecosystems. The condition of the of forest ecosystem is also discerned as one of the main complexity of providing the required needs to the people of Ontario. This includes changing rate of composition of the species and forest stand structure. The sub-divided units of ecoregions are based on t he subregions landform pattern, physical geography, climate trends and complexity of the landscape[6]. The aforementioned nature of the changing landscape pattern is affecting the various types of the policies which are seen to be related to the adaptation of the same for Ontario forest policy. The condition of the forest ecosystem is based on the several complexities which are associated in providing the needs of the people. The complexity of the forest department is discerned in terms for the various types of types of the measures which is directly related to the sustainability issues which is defined as per the long term Crown forest health [which is] the condition of a forest ecosystem which sustains the ecosystems complexity while providing for the needs of the people of Ontario. The functional conditions are mainly seen to be affected by old growth functional conditions which is associated with complex forest stand structure. For instance, old trees and wide spacing relies on complex structuring system which are often viewed to cause trouble to the overall composition of the spe cies. Henceforth, setting the standards for these species is often viewed as a major problem[7]. Major difference The Ontario Forestry policies is dedicated for managing the forests in a manner which secures the feasibility in the long-term of the business and enhances the shareholder value thereby maintaining the environmental planning. The forest policy is committed to meet the requirement for the applicable environmental and social laws which is able to regulate the requirements for Resolution the Forest Products including pollution prevention. The policy enforcement is not related to prevent purchase of wood from illegal sources. This further aims to develop supportable forest management policies which takes into account the timber and non-timber values for ensuring the conservation of the biological diversity aimed at sound scientific principles. The active engagement of the first nations communities is seen with the goal to have a positive working relationship[8]. The policy considers active engagement of the first nations communities with the goal of maintaining an optimistic working relations and active involvement of forest stakeholders for the expansion and application of forest management plans. The policies seek support from the native contractors and local workers. There has been a significant encouragement of the contractors non-resident forest workers to stay in local communities at the time of working on the forests. In addition to this, they dont value for procurement of local goods and services. Some of the other commitments to the policy is considered with providing appropriate training to the employees of the company and contractors engaged in operations associated to forestry and producing wood fibre for the mills[9]. At times the worker supports the encouragement of research and development which progresses with understanding of forest science, climate change, management practices and sustainable forest management. The policies of forest certification in all the phases includes provisions for prompt reforestation, maintenance of soil productivity of forest, production of water quality, riparian zones and water bodies. In addition to this, the forest certifications also aim to ensure efficient use of forest resources thereby protecting the special sites[10]. Some of the other important consideration for forest policy includes monitoring, measuring and good assessment of the performance for openly available, third-party processes of auditing and management to improve the overall operations. The forest certification ensures risk management practices among the external fibre suppliers including private woodlot owners. The forest policy maintained in British Columbia had been through several international scrutinies from US, transnational environmental group and European environmental group which was able to protect and preserve the undistinguished ecological characteristics. Comparison of the British Columbia forest policy with forest policy in Ontario clearly shows that, British Columbia has a more stringent regulation in compare to the later[11]. The policy adopted by BC mainly focused on riparian zone management, clearcutting and maintenance of protected areas. The overall analysis was able to depict that British Columbias environmental forestry rules had a tendency of being lax than government harvesting in United States. The exploration of this claim was for the nursing to be important due to the assertions of bolster efforts. Several reviews have been able to review that BCs strategy of clearcutting, riparian zones, and protected sections were either following stringent or a more comparable approach by five soft food harvesting states. The important empirical evidence of a study is able to depict that the clearcutting and riparian rules by the government are more stringent in British Columbia than in any other jurisdiction[12]. The main depictions have further revealed that the review does not address on the unique environment qualities of British Columbia forest department which has made its forest resource management efficient in nature[13]. The individuals wishing to preserve the voters remaining intact with ancient forests needs for British Columbia however, these types of revelations were not observed in forest policy in Ontario[14]. The research believed that, on moving toward mutual understanding and sustainable forest management, it needs to be depicted that Canada and the United States will be doing better in terms of developing binational North American forestry commission which should be able to become the centre for binational collaborative research program[15]. Public Participation The public participation is considered as the political principle or the practice which is associated to the concept of stakeholder engagement. The general public participation aims to seek involvement from the individuals who are potentially affected by the interests in decisions. The Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) seeks to recognise the work of the members who have been appointed for the Old Growth Forests Policy Advisory Committee and the scientific advisory committee. The old growth policy is prepared in terms of the responses to the final report which is seen to be associated to the Old Growth Forests Policy Advisory Committee and the scientific advisory committee. MNR desires to recognizes Norm Iles from Colin Hewitt and Domtar Inc. from Abitibi-Consolidated Company of Canada who were seen to participate in the testing methodology of the forest management planning process. In addition to this, the aboriginal stakeholders, people, government, industries and people is seen t o having the opportunity for developmental activities in landscape level planning strategies. The various types of the planned investments are taken into consideration with the integration of ecological provincial policies. The district manager of MNRF has the opportunity for LCC to recommend one of its members for participating in the planning team. Moreover, MNRF district manager is able to invite person who are collectively able to represent the overlapping licensees and the beneficiary of the MNRF wood supply assurances which does not have the ownership in the company for sustainable forest license policy[16]. In the first stage the MNRF district manager is seen to offer occasions for a representative of each Mtis community and First Nation whose interests or the traditional uses including the credible and established aboriginal treaties may get affected to participate on the FMP planning team. The individuals representing MNRF are invited to join as advisors for the overall planning process which is related to the reviews given by the planning team or the reviewers. As per the recommendation given by the MNRF district manager, the government ministries or the agencies determine the organisations having specific interests which need to be addressed in the FMP. In case the ministries express their concern, they are invited for participating on the planning team. The participation by LCC is considered as an essential component of the preparation and implementation process of the FMP which consists of the representative from the different committees who are seen to participate in the planning team, in case it is desired by the committee. The various types of the other committee member may also express their concern on the attending the planning team meetings and the observers[17]. In the last few decades the tendency of the incorporating has considered the forest polices for the planning process of the peoples participation. However, the researchers are able to develop the influential lists of the criteria for the evaluation of the public participation which is able to consider the theoretical conjecture in the collection of empirical process. The provincial land-use planning for BC forest management is done by Brenneis. The significant consideration of the public participation is further seen to take into consideration to include the various types of the legal mandate which is able to include the comprehensive public participation along with access to information, adequate resources for participation[18]. The public participation of the BC forest management has been able to take into consideration the different types of the forest polices which is seen to related democratic theory and within the historical context of BC forest management. As per the recent complaints associated to the inadequate involvement of participating occasions reviewed at the Forest Practices Board there is a decrease the extent of public participation of land-in-use as per the discussed planning process. The main problem concerning forest policy was depicted with inadequate participatory opportunities which reduced the overall land-use planning. As per the latest public participation policy BC is able to link the various types of the public participation with the democratic theory. This approach offers the rationale of public use as per the reasons which explains the rationality in acclaiming such procedures[19]. The forest policy issued by BC is has involved the various facets of the ecological culture which is seen to be associated to the assessment of the public participation and environmental stewardship of forests. However, the various types of the consideration for the environmental stewardship has little contribution to the economic diversification. Several types of the collaborative studies have further able to suggest that the different type the consideration for the participation is not based on a sustainable effort diversifying the conventional forestry from the usually achievable involvement of the communities[20]. Conclusion The various depictions made in the report is able to discuss on different aspects of the complexity which are seen to be taken into consideration with the growth in size and the complexity of the forestry, bureaucracy and capitalists of the forest industry thereby asserting short-term private economic priorities over the longer-term resources management goals for the professional foresters. The main differentiating aspects between the Ontario forest policy and BC forest policy is taken into consideration with several international scrutinies. It needs to be understood that the Ontario Forestry policies is dedicated for dealing the forests in a manner which secures the long-term viability of the business and able to enhance the shareholder value thereby upholding the environmental planning. However, British Columbia has a more stringent regulation in compare to the later. The policy adopted by BC mainly focused on riparian zone management, clearcutting and maintenance of protected are as. The overall analysis was able to depict that British Columbias environmental forestry rules had a tendency of being lax than government harvesting in United States. References Anderson, William, and David MacLean. "Public forest policy development in New Brunswick, Canada: multiple streams approach, advocacy coalition framework, and the role of science."Ecology and Society20.4 (2015). Furness, Ella, Howard Harshaw, and Harry Nelson. "Community forestry in British Columbia: policy progression and public participation."Forest Policy and Economics58 (2015): 85-91. Gilani, Haris R., Robert A. Kozak, and John L. Innes. "The state of innovation in the British Columbia value-added wood products sector: the example of chain of custody certification."Canadian Journal of Forest Research46.8 (2016): 1067-1075. Golden, Denise M., Carol Audet, and M. A. Smith. "Blue-ice: framing climate change and reframing climate change adaptation from the indigenous peoples' perspective in the northern boreal forest of Ontario, Canada."Climate and Development7.5 (2015): 401-413. Griffith, Jodi, Alan P. Diduck, and Jacques Tardif. "Manitoba's forest policy regime: Incremental change, concepts, actors and relationships."The Forestry Chronicle91.1 (2015): 71-83. Hoberg, George, et al. "Forest carbon mitigation policy: a policy gap analysis for British Columbia."Forest Policy and Economics69 (2016): 73-82. Klenk, Nicole L. "The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the politics of composing future forests."Land Use Policy44 (2015): 101-109. Legaard, Kasey R., Steven A. Sader, and Erin M. Simons-Legaard. "Evaluating the impact of abrupt changes in forest policy and management practices on landscape dynamics: analysis of a Landsat image time series in the Atlantic Northern Forest."PloS one10.6 (2015): e0130428. Nie, Yuhao, and Xiaotao Bi. "Life-cycle assessment of transportation biofuels from hydrothermal liquefaction of forest residues in British Columbia."Biotechnology for biofuels11.1 (2018): 23. Prescott, Cindy E., and Kristine Weese. "Crossing the divide: engaging scientists and policy-makers in adapting forest management to climate change in British Columbia."The Forestry Chronicle90.1 (2014): 89-95. Rempel, Robert S., et al. "An indicator system to assess ecological integrity of managed forests."Ecological indicators60 (2016): 860-869. Richardson, Andrew David. "Peer review report 1 On Trends of carbon fluxes and climate over a mixed temperate-boreal transition forest in southern Ontario, Canada."Agricultural and Forest Meteorology217 (2016): 17-18. Smiley, B. P., J. A. Trofymow, and K. O. Niemann. "Spatially-explicit reconstruction of 100 years of forest land use and disturbance on a coastal British Columbia Douglas-fir-dominated landscape: implications for future watershed-scale carbon stock recovery."Applied Geography74 (2016): 109-122. St-Laurent, Guillaume Peterson, Shannon Hagerman, and George Hoberg. "Emergence and influence of a new policy regime: The case of forest carbon offsets in British Columbia."Land Use Policy60 (2017): 169-180. St-Laurent, Guillaume Peterson, Shannon Hagerman, and George Hoberg. "Barriers to the development of forest carbon offsetting: Insights from British Columbia, Canada."Journal of environmental management203 (2017): 208-217. Teitelbaum, Sara, ed.Community Forestry in Canada: Lessons from Policy and Practice. UBC Press, 2016. Thiffault, Evelyne, et al., eds.Mobilisation of forest bioenergy in the boreal and temperate biomes: Challenges, opportunities and case studies. Academic Press, 2016. Xu, Zhen, et al. "Climate change mitigation strategies in the forest sector: biophysical impacts and economic implications in British Columbia, Canada."Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change23.2 (2018): 257-290. Yung, Yu Ki. "State of Urban Forest Policy and By-laws across Ontario Municipalities." (2018). Zurba, Melanie, Alan P. Diduck, and A. John Sinclair. "First Nations and industry collaboration for forest governance in northwestern Ontario, Canada."Forest Policy and Economics69 (2016): 1-10.

When Rainclouds Gather free essay sample

Matenge is clearly the antagonist of the novel. Head’s characterisation of Matenge is almost comical. He is a overweight and egotistical meglomaniac. He lives off the poor and his inherited unpaid slaves. He parades his wealth and strokes his own ego in his dress and through his actions. He wears a purple robe and sits in high-backed, throne-like chair. He is primarily concerned with bolstering his own image and nursing his ideas of his own self-importance. He believes that his status as sub-chief is an inherited and fixed position and therefore unable to be challenged by anyone he considers inferior. Therefore, when he is threatened by Makhaya and Gilbert, he acts arrogantly and without consideration for the potential they offer to the community he is supposed to lead. Matenge is ultimately undone because of his despotism and ruthless disregard for his villagers. Even his own brother is relieved by his death. We will write a custom essay sample on When Rainclouds Gather or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Matenge is the main antagonist in the story. He is the sub- chief and ruler of Golema Mmidi, but also the brother of paramount chief Sekoto. The sub-chief is regarded by the people as a tyrant. Matenge is a egotistical megalomaniac, who has inherited un-paid servants and land so therefore feels superior. It is this personality which leads him to fight with everybody who has the intelligence to threaten his position. The conflicts with Makhaya. As Makhaya is the main protagonist, it is obvious that there would be a conflict between, him, the kind-hearted and the evil tyrant, Matenge. The conflict between the sympathetic Makhaya and the dictator Matenge, is the main theme in the book as Matenge is ruling the people in the way which made Makhaya leave South Africa. For more information about his past go to Hints of Makhayas Past. Matenges persistence to rid himself of Makhaya is evident after Makhaya is called to Matenge mansion, and insults Matenge and Joas Tsepe. Chief Matenge has a personality which causes a gut feeling, one which would indicate that he is after power and the ability to control; in other words evil. His sense of royalty is sickening, he treats all of his servants like slaves, and his one friend, another man looking for power, Joas Tsepe like a dog. These actions evoke the feeling which, all hero versus evil, stories have; in this case Matenge versus Gilbert and Makhaya. The satire in Chapter 5 helps to provoke the reader into despising this characte