Organisation design Free Essays

estructuring is overflowing by and by in our associations. Is this extremely important or would we say we are Just getting it wrong? Do we continue structuring in the conventional and two dimensional way we have consistently planned our associations in? Let us reconsider why we would rebuild in any case and how we would do it in a manner that is progressively practical and less problematic to the association. Let’s start with some straightforward thoughts and standards. We will compose a custom article test on Association structure or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Incorporate association configuration as a feature of your key arranging process. At the point when your plan of action or worth chain changes, your general structure needs to change with it. For different occasions, accountabilities and jobs need to ceaselessly develop. Make expansive jobs that can develop, not firmly characterized Jobs. Recall that we as often as possible experience issues past our Job portrayals and we have to create individuals so they can be redeployed. At the point when you rebuild, change the manner in which the work is done or there will be no change. Capacities concentrated on viability can't answer to capacities concentrated on productivity Functions concentrated on long-run improvement can't answer to capacities concentrated on short-go results Having an inappropriate people in an inappropriate jobs will keep on making the structure inadequate. Comprehend that there will consistently be mysteries in the framework like centralization AND decentralization and figure out how to oversee it through conduct instead of structure. No measure of rebuilding can compensate for initiative and culture disappointments. Rebuilds frequently don’t change power structures. Individuals like making additional layers to serve their own plans. Try not to permit it if the plan of action and worth chain doesn't require it. Let’s improve how we do things utilizing 4 basics. 1 . Employment families dependent on the worth chain †separated into center and bolster The initial step is to configuration esteem chain based Job families †a Job family is a group of jobs that share a great deal practically speaking most definitely. Recognize the center capacities that must be acted on the side of the business technique. Characterize what each capacity will have authority and be responsible for. When his is clear, bolster Job families can be characterized. Models are Finance, Human Resources and Operations. Backing ought to never be more prominent than center. . Levels of work Now characterize the correct number of levels. The beginning stage, says Jacques, is â€Å"to get the correct structure, including the correct number of vertical layers, and very much characterized responsibility and authority in chief subordinate working connections, however in cross-useful working connections as well† Oases, â€Å"The Aims of Requisite Organization,† in Requisite Organization). All jobs in a level have a comparative way to deal with work, and a comparable degree of multifaceted nature, paying little mind to the specialty unit or Job family they fall into. This prepares for clear objective arrangement. You ought not have more than 5-6 degrees of work altogether for instance Operational representatives, First line pioneers, Expert pioneers, Executive Leaders and Strategic leader(s). 3. Frameworks thinking to get administration and lattice structures right Now ensure you put the administration , association backing and network structures over it that can deal with the accountabilities and hazard cravings of your capacities and guarantee you comprehend where to put assets among center and support and among focal and decentralized capacities. . Nonexclusive jobs, not individuals And very importantly†¦ When making the structure, disregard the individuals in question and simply distinguish the center and bolster business works that must be performed. Make conventional jobs that are not individual ward and can develop. Have likenesses in job configuration across levels and in Job families and just characterize the interesting bits in an unexpected way. This makes it a lot simpler to redeploy individuals as opposed to making them excess while developing different pieces of the business. The resulting picture resembles this: If we advance the image further to join the framework and administration plans the last structure will look something like a three dimensional lattice utilizing the Biometric configuration created by DRP. Elisabeth Dossal: If you need assistance in building up a supportable very much planned association structure, if you don't mind get in touch with me on marianne@redstonecp. Com. Step by step instructions to refer to Organization configuration, Papers

The Godmother of All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Essays Papers

The Godmother of All the Pretty Horses In investigation of the character, Duena Alfonsa, in the novel All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy, features of her character are unmistakably uncovered. From her physical deformation to her sentiments of her dad keeping her ousted in her own nation, seventy-multi year old Alfonsa is loaded up with a lifetime of complex circumstances. Her character was reliable and inspirational in insight and gave significance in her job in the novel. She is a grandaunt and guardian of Alejandra, a youthful adolescent still in school. The Duena, one could state, is the Adoptive parent of the novel. She actually goes to the sleeping pads in shielding her grandniece from a man. Following seventy-two years of life, Alfonsa talks about her background's at a raised degree of information. She is formal, well mannered, and brimming with assuredness. McCarthy depicts Alfonsa's appearance as a style chilling (McCarthy 227). Her insight originated from understanding books. McCarthy composes of Alfonsa, When I was sixteen I had perused numerous books and I had become a freethinker (McCarthy 232). Alfonsa's multifaceted nature incorporated her physical disfigurement. She portrays the loss of her last two fingers of her left deliver a shooting mishap when she was seventeen years of age where the barrel of the weapon detonated while she was going for live pigeons. This set her with a few points of view. Two of her viewpoints in turning out to be disfigured were, first, it lead her to the emotions...

Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading

Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading ICYMI- Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading for Future College Applicants ICYMI- Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading for Future College Applicants At this point, its almost been impossible to avoid reading about the amazing Costco college essay that secured one lucky applicant admission to several Ivies and Stanford. Its a great essay, but not everyone seems to understand why, so CEA Founder Stacey Brook broke it down and offered some lessons that everyone can take away from this well-executed piece of prose: By now you have probably heard about or read the college essay by high schooler Brittany Stinson detailing how her routine trips to Costco shaped her life and world. In the piece, now officially at viral status, Stinson paints a vivid picture of how wandering up and down the aisles at her favorite big box store inspired her to ponder the addictive nature of Nutella, imagine physics experiments involving 3-pound tubs of sour cream and converse with her father about historical figures who share their aliases with giant hams. The essay is clever, warm and highly observant and introspective. If Costco is a kingdom, as Brittany claims, she is currently its reigning Queen. [] The Business Insider piece that originally introduced Stinson’s essay to the world framed her success in their title: “This Essay Got a High School Senior Into 5 Ivy League Schools and Stanford.” As a college essay expert and advisor, I would love to be able to tell you that a college essay can get you into the school of your dreams. But the truth is, a wide array of factors are considered in admissions decisions and the essay is just one of them. And media attention that focuses exclusively on students who gain admission to multiple Ivy League Institutions sends the wrong message to students (and parents) about what is important and why they should pay attention to Stinson’s writing. Stinson’s essay was not her ticket to admission. It was a thoughtfully crafted, brilliantly executed piece of a very complex puzzle. Still, the college essay is a highly significant piece of the puzzle in that it is one of the only opportunities students have to speak to admissions officers in their own voices and highlight something about their personalities or passions that allows them to stand our from other, similarly qualified candidates. So what should students and parents take away from the Costco essay? Read the rest at Huffington Post. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth »

Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading

Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading ICYMI- Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading for Future College Applicants ICYMI- Why The Costco College Essay Is Crucial Reading for Future College Applicants At this point, its almost been impossible to avoid reading about the amazing Costco college essay that secured one lucky applicant admission to several Ivies and Stanford. Its a great essay, but not everyone seems to understand why, so CEA Founder Stacey Brook broke it down and offered some lessons that everyone can take away from this well-executed piece of prose: By now you have probably heard about or read the college essay by high schooler Brittany Stinson detailing how her routine trips to Costco shaped her life and world. In the piece, now officially at viral status, Stinson paints a vivid picture of how wandering up and down the aisles at her favorite big box store inspired her to ponder the addictive nature of Nutella, imagine physics experiments involving 3-pound tubs of sour cream and converse with her father about historical figures who share their aliases with giant hams. The essay is clever, warm and highly observant and introspective. If Costco is a kingdom, as Brittany claims, she is currently its reigning Queen. [] The Business Insider piece that originally introduced Stinson’s essay to the world framed her success in their title: “This Essay Got a High School Senior Into 5 Ivy League Schools and Stanford.” As a college essay expert and advisor, I would love to be able to tell you that a college essay can get you into the school of your dreams. But the truth is, a wide array of factors are considered in admissions decisions and the essay is just one of them. And media attention that focuses exclusively on students who gain admission to multiple Ivy League Institutions sends the wrong message to students (and parents) about what is important and why they should pay attention to Stinson’s writing. Stinson’s essay was not her ticket to admission. It was a thoughtfully crafted, brilliantly executed piece of a very complex puzzle. Still, the college essay is a highly significant piece of the puzzle in that it is one of the only opportunities students have to speak to admissions officers in their own voices and highlight something about their personalities or passions that allows them to stand our from other, similarly qualified candidates. So what should students and parents take away from the Costco essay? Read the rest at Huffington Post. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth »

Air Pollution Essay - 1322 Words

All living things use air and it must be clean to maintain life on earth. When air pollution becomes the subject, what do you think about? Smog, acid rain, and other forms of outdoor pollution are the common things people think about. Air pollution can also exist indoors as in closed ventilated areas that we surround. This makes the air that we breathe indoors inescapable and the pollution exist both indoor and outdoor. For example, hair spray usage indoor is polluting the air inside because of the emissions of toxic chemicals used to create the product are present within a spray of it. On a typical outdoor summer day in Fresno, the smog from vehicles exposed into the air which makes the air brown and can be seen miles away from highways.†¦show more content†¦The sources used which gives off gases or particles are cooking oils, hair sprays, aerosols, household cleaning products such as bleach and Pinesol have the greater effect or even insecticide sources that kills rats, ro aches, spiders and ants. According to World Health Organizations, â€Å"Cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves results in high levels of indoor air pollution. Indoor smoke contains a range of health-damaging pollutants, such as small particles and carbon monoxide.† The inadequate ventilation from using these products can increase the indoor air without outdoor air to dilute the emissions. The relative importance of a source used depends on how much emissions gives out on an object and evaporates in the air surrounding the user. Another factor from using building materials can give off high pollutant in some cases an improperly adjusted gas stove can emit high amounts of carbon dioxide than the properly adjusted one. Air pollution happens when sources are emitted into the air and it is caused by human activities from operating that source. Creating the pollution indoors is more harmful because it affects the air quality inside and it stay indo ors if not ventilated properly. The activities from using the sources are causing these pollutions and we do not know that we are causing these pollutions to occur indoor. In a household with children and theShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution1499 Words   |  6 PagesAir Pollution emissions have been a leading threat to the world, as the world has become more and more industrialized over the past century. However, many fail to realize the threat that air pollution emissions pose to human health. As humans continue to buy gasoline for the excessive amount of cars that are driven on a daily basis, create waste from factories, using coal and biomass fuels to power their daily lives, they will continue to put their own health at risk. China, a developing countryRead MoreAir Pollution : Clean Air1157 Words   |  5 PagesAir pollution: Clean air is vital to our health. Poor air quality can be particularly critical to the health of children, older people and pregnant women. It also affects the natural environment and liveability of our communities. Air pollution in Australia is not as severe as in other countries, however any amount of pollution can be harmful for the body, this is shown in the studies I will conduct as well as the meta analysis’s I refer to . Although my model and my studies don’t directly cutRead MoreAir Pollution And Air Pollutants Essay1883 Words   |  8 PagesAir pollution is characterized by the introduction or rise in air gases and particles beyond the standard levels of clean air (EPA, 2016a). Types of air pollutants vary depending on the source, such as industries, motor vehicles, combustion or natural sources; however, certain air pollutants have drawn more attention because of their widespread and health effects (EPA, 2016a). Examples of these pollutants are: ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds andRead MoreThe Pollution Of Air Pollution1199 Words   |  5 Pages Most people never stop to think about the sanitation of the air around them. The only places that people ruminate over air quality are largely populated states and cities. One of these places is California. Ominous clouds of smog and polluted air constantly hover over the citizens. These people d on’t ever look up and worry, because smog is a usual appearance. This issue destroys not only the earth and its atmosphere, but the very center of our lives: our bodies’ health. Particulate pollutants areRead MoreAir Pollution essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution has become a major problem in the United States. The agricultural industry must help maintain air quality. By doing that the United States has started trying to make machines that will help reduce the pollution in the air which will help the environment. One way the United States has tried stopping air pollution and that is to create a solar powered machine which decreases air pollution. But also there are some ways that the people of the United States can help stop air pollution. Read MoreEssay On Air Pollution1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Pollution is when a harmful or poisonous gas is emitted in the presence of air that can be very harmful to the environment even for humans, especially when we don’t do anything . We might think that pollution is not really a problem in the world but it is one major problem and some countries are suffering from it now. There are many ways that we can stop pollution about but we just don’t really take matter of it, if people will just observe how pollution is affecting the environmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Air Pollution1142 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that the problem of air pollution began with the industrial revolution (circa 1750 -1850) which brought with it the increased burning of coal that fueled the engines upon which the wheels of the industrial revolution were being propelled. Air pollution issues have dominated international discourse in the last couple of decades as a result of its adverse effects on the climate system. But most important is the damaging ef fects that some of these pollutants in the ambient air have in the human bodyRead MoreThe Pollution Of The Air Pollution1679 Words   |  7 PagesMost people have felt or took in the air pollutants coming from a car but little did they know what the consequences that smell or the soot may present. The black smoke, and sometimes invisible pollutants, are causing harm all over the earth without people realizing it. Car pollution can cause disruption to human s health, the environment, and the cities in just a matter of time and in many different ways. The air pollution from cars contains various components that all can factor into harmingRead MoreEssay On Air Pollution1677 Words   |  7 Pages Global Article Analysis 3: Air Pollution There are multiple environmental issues that exist and are constantly harming the planet. Many of these issues have effects that are unique to certain countries, or even effects that are similar to other countries. Overall, these issues can be similar or dissimilar in multiple aspects, such as the biological, physical, and cultural perspectives. The causes and effects, problem severity, citizen perceptions, and proposed solutions and efforts to repair theseRead MoreSolution for Air Pollution1088 Words   |  5 Pagesfor Air Pollution Society as a whole faces many environmental problems, and as a result, environmental awareness tends to be a pressing issue. Every day, people recycle cans, glass bottles, and newspapers. Many people buy bottled water, or own filters for their tap water, as a health precaution from the pollutants in normal everyday drinking water. Air pollution is perhaps the biggest environmental issue the Earth is facing. Automobiles are responsible for a notable amount of the air pollution

What Is a Controlled Experiment

A controlled experiment is one in which everything is held constant except for one variable. Usually, a set of data is taken to be a control group, which is commonly the normal or usual state, and one or more other groups are examined where all conditions are identical to the control group and to each other except for one variable. Sometimes its necessary to change more than one variable, but all of the other experimental conditions will be controlled so that only the variables being examined change. And what is measured is the variables amount or the way in which they change. Controlled Experiment A controlled experiment is simply an experiment in which all factors are held constant except for one: the independent variable.A common type of controlled experiment compares a control group against an experimental group. All variables are identical between the two groups except for the factor being tested.The advantage of a controlled experiment is that it is easier to eliminate uncertainty about the significance of the results. Example of a Controlled Experiment Lets say you want to know if the type of soil affects how long it takes a seed to germinate, and you decide to set up a controlled experiment to answer the question. You might take five identical pots, fill each with a different type of soil, plant identical bean seeds in each pot, place the pots in a sunny window, water them equally, and measure how long it takes for the seeds in each pot to sprout. This is a controlled experiment because your goal is to keep every variable constant except the type of soil you use. You control these features. Why Controlled Experiments Are Important The big advantage of a controlled experiment is that you can eliminate much of the uncertainty about your results. If you couldnt control each variable, you might end up with a confusing outcome. For example, if you planted different types of seeds in each of the pots, trying to determine if soil type affected germination, you might find some types of seeds germinate faster than others. You wouldnt be able to say, with any degree of certainty, that the rate of germination was due to the type of soil. It might as well have been due to the type of seeds. Or, if you had placed some pots in a sunny window and some in the shade or watered some pots more than others, you could get mixed results. The value of a controlled experiment is that it yields a high degree of confidence in the outcome. You know which variable caused or did not cause a change. Are All Experiments Controlled? No, they are not. Its still possible to obtain useful data from uncontrolled experiments, but its harder to draw conclusions based on the data. An example of an area where controlled experiments are difficult is human testing. Say you want to know if a new diet pill helps with weight loss. You can collect a sample of people, give each of them the pill, and measure their weight. You can try to control as many variables as possible, such as how much exercise they get or how many calories they eat. However, you will have several uncontrolled variables, which may include age, gender, genetic predisposition toward a high or low metabolism, how overweight they were before starting the test, whether they inadvertently eat something that interacts with the drug, etc. Scientists try to record as much data as possible when conducting uncontrolled experiments, so they can see additional factors that may be affecting their results. Although it is harder to draw conclusions from uncontrolled experiments, new patterns often emerge that would not have been observable in a controlled experiment. For example, you may notice the diet drug seems to work for female subjects, but not for male subjects, and this may lead to further experimentation and a possible breakthrough. If you had only been able to perform a controlled experiment, perhaps on male clones alone, you would have missed this connection. Sources Box, George E. P., et al.  Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery. Wiley-Interscience, a John Wiley Soncs, Inc., Publication, 2005.  Creswell, John W.  Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall, 2008.Pronzato, L. Optimal experimental design and some related control problems. Automatica. 2008.Robbins, H. Some Aspects of the Sequential Design of Experiments. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 1952.

Friendships Should Not Be Based On Social Media - 1253 Words

Friendships in the 21st century do not have the same importance and worth as they used to. Friendships now are seen as being friends on social media but never speaking a word to each other in real life. Saying hi s and hellos in the hallways , but not a word more. Friends should be a tight knit community where one can relax in an environment of love, affection and safeness. Where they can be vulnerable and comfortable enough to share their fears and their secrets. Friends know us better than we know ourselves, they have been with us from the beginning . The eye contacts that are made when someone s talking has gotten too much, the inside jokes that only you guys know. Friendships should not be based on social media nor how popular a person is. They should be based on a persons personality their character. For viewers in 2015, Friends disrupts the current value placed on friendship. From our first cry to final breath, we have developed friendships throughout our lives. There are countless articles that argue whether or not people who have had stable friendships at a young age affect their personalities and characteristics as they age. In Thomas Berndt’s â€Å"Friendship Quality and Social Development, the paper argues that those who have stable relationships as a child and continue as they grow up show signs of social stability, intimacy, and low levels of conflicts and rivalries, but those who do not are more shy and withdrawn (1). This is very important because,Show MoreRelatedI Get By With A Little Help From My? Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesI get by with a little help from my†¦? In Curtis Silver’s essay titled â€Å"The Quagmire of Social Media Friendships,† He describes the realization of what a true friend is. With millions of people on social media, anyone can feel as though they have achieved rock star status. This is the ruse social networking sites like Facebook and twitter cause. Having thousands of â€Å"friends† on social media accounts has changed the true meaning on how people connect on a personal level. The question is, is it evenRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Agricultural Revolution1509 Words   |  7 Pagesof correspondence today is social media, particularly Facebook. In developing and maintaining friendships with others online, relationships are both strengthened and weakened by the barriers and networks formed through social media. As a result, sites like Facebook create a communication gap between those whose friendships are dependent upon social media, leaving numerous traits of the individual and the group up for debate. Most importantly, the influence of social media sites is slowly working toRead MoreRelationships Affected By Media1112 Words   |  5 Pages The media The media can come in many forms. From social media, magazines to Television. Although there are fundamental differences the core purpose of all media is communication. Whether it be to inform, entertain or advertise. Communication Communication comes in many forms as well. For example: written or spoken communication. These all involve the the exchange of information through different medias. In order for communication to be carried our correctly, understanding must be accomplishedRead MoreThe Factors That Shape An Individual s Self Concept Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pageslf-concept refers to the mental image or idea that an individual holds regarding themselves. An individuals’ self-concept continually develops in each of the life stages and is seen to be closely related to the social as well as the emotional development. As such, a person views themselves differently depending on the environment in which they are. Self-concept in an individual takes various steps to being formed. The most important step is the initial one which happens while one is still a childRead MoreTim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau and the Internet1476 Words   |  6 Pagesof a friend is lost because of the indecency of social media. The growth of social media causes people to question what a friend is because people do not understand the difference between interacting face to face, rather than socializing on the web. As more social media sites come to the market, people are social without going out. The growth of social media causes people to think, act, and interact differently, causing the meaning of friendship to be lost, because of the growth of the web. SocializingRead MoreTardanico discusses how lack of face-to-face communication can lead to miscommunication. She starts1100 Words   |  5 PagesTardanico discusses how lack of face-to-face communication can lead to miscommunication. She starts off the article with an anecdote about a mother texting her daughter who is away at college and based on the messages exchanged the daughter seems to be doing just fine. She used various emoji’s expressing happiness. No one knew that she had been isolated in her room portraying signs of depression, an entirely different world from the one portrayed on Facebook, Twitter, and to her mother. â€Å"Awash inRead MoreRelationship Between Relationships And Relationships1471 Words   |  6 Pagesit will not. Friendships are unique relationships because unlike family relationships, we choose to enter into them. A friend is a person cable of loving regardless of whether he is being loved or not. Friendships can exist between same sex: man-man, woman-woman, or opposite sex: man-woman. It transcends age and could subsist between even an old man and small boy. Human beings also establish relationships with their pet such as cats, dogs, horses, doves, and even parrots. Friendships can also beRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1352 Words   |  6 Pageseasier contact and introduction. Social media is a powerful means of this. Through social media, people are able to connect through common interests and ideas. With these connections, fewer people feel alienated and the overall the mental health of some individuals could improve. Studies have been done to prove this unpopular theory. Social media also provides an avenue for people to plan events more easily and meet in groups. Young can acquire beneficial social engagements. College students areRead MoreHow Social Media Has On Our Society101 0 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Faux Friendship,† associate professor William Deresiewics discusses the affect that social media has on our society. Deresiewics originally published this piece in The Chronicles of Higher Education in December 2009, but this piece has been published in The Nation, The American Scholar, The London Review of Books, and The New York Times. Deresiewics’ attempts to convince readers that social media take away our ability to build relationships in person. Despite Deresiewics’ appeal to ethos andRead MoreSocial Media Has Affected The Way Human Interact With Each1402 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media has affected the way human interact with each other. Social media is websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking, which involves Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. Adolescents use social media to make relationships that are really interment, but could be dangerou s. Most adolescents do not interact with one another in person as much they use to before social media. Adolescents would rather video chat and message

Alternative Solutions Case Study of SFO Airport †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Alternative Solutions Case Study of SFO Airport. Answer: Identification of Alternatives Determining the solution In context to the SFO Airport, the alternative solutions that has been identified is incorporation of various wireless technology within the airport. The wireless technology solutions that can be implemented to generate revenue in the airport are listed as below: Selling Wi-Fi service to passengers for accessibility of internet from their devices. Wireless EFTPOS payments at retail outlets to avoid cash transactions. Bluetooth based security cameras to reduce the costs required for security. Installation of wireless display in the airport for the users to connect with the display on demand and have a bigger gaming experience using miracast technology. Streaming live music using a Bluetooth radio station that can be accessed on demand by the customer will help in raising fund for the airport authority. The implementation of the mentioned solutions with wireless technology in SFO Airport will also facilitate internal communications and better security within the airport besides generating revenue. Views of stakeholders on the initiative The various stakeholders associated with implementation of the solution for SFO Airport supports the initiative as it will help to uplift present conditions of the airport to generate more revenue by selling Wi-Fi access to the passengers and implementing the other mentioned solutions. The employees especially the security managers will be benefited from Bluetooth based security cameras as it will facilitate creation of policies and procedures to maintain better security within the airport facility by internal communications. The business partners will be delighted with this initiative as it could be eventually mean generation of more profit from the services and improvements in security infrastructure of the airport without replacement of existing systems, hardware or other products. Effect of initiative upon the opinions of stakeholders The solution will be implemented considering the opinions of the stakeholders as they will be directly affected with incorporation of the initiative. The stakeholders will be benefited upon implementing the wireless technology to offer Wi-Fi services to the passengers that will generate revenue. However, the security managers of the airport may require to undertake training due to the implementation of new wireless technology. The business partners may think that implementing the new solution will not be beneficial in terms of the required costs. Credence to be given by the organization on the opinions/values of stakeholders The views of the various stakeholders associated with implementing the new solution must be taken into account prior to incorporation of the initiative. The stakeholders must be involved in every phase of the work so that they can participate as well as maintain ownership. The knowledge of the stakeholders have to be incorporated as it may prove to be invaluable to avoid mistakes while implementing the new solution. Hence, the stakeholders opinions or values have to be protected at all cost for successful implementation of a new solution within the organization. Approach to reduce possible alternatives In context to SFO airport, the existing physical access systems will be combined together with the help of wireless technology for selling Wi-Fi services to the passengers and facilitating wireless EFTPOS payments at retail outlets. The wireless EFTPOS payments at retail outlets will eventually lead to ease of the passengers for making payments thus it will generate revenue for the airport. The installation of wireless display for the users to connect their device for entertainment will attract more passengers and eventually increasing the revenue and profit. The combining of the existing system with the mentioned wireless technology will help to reduce the costs for replacement of old hardware or systems within the facility. The integration of new solution with existing system will also facilitate reduction in material costs. Analyzing the Alternatives: Feasibility of the solution The wireless technology solution for SFO airport that has been identified will be feasible in terms of overcoming the technical and operational challenges. The new solution will help to improve the operational activities being carried out within the facility as well as upgradation of the existing physical access systems that require manual operations for processing payments and maintaining security within the airport facility. Benefits of the solution The benefits that will be achieved upon implementation of the solution are listed as below: Reduction in costs for labor and materials. Increased efficiency in the processing of payments. Improvements in compliance with safety regulations. Avoiding the costs required for replacement of old systems. Costs associated with the solution The cost required for installation and implementation of wireless technology within the airport is $ 250,000.00 and the annual maintenance cost required for the solution will be $25,000.00. Comparing feasibility and cost-benefit analysis of the solution Feasibility of the solution The solution is economically feasible in terms of the associated costs and benefits. The solution is also practically feasible as it will provide the benefits that are required by the associated stakeholders. Cost benefit analysis of the solution Tangible Benefits Category In $US Material costs $ 216,000 Total Tangible Benefits $ 216,000.00 Tangible One-Time Costs Category In $US Total Development Cost $ 250,000.00 Total Tangible One-Time Costs $ 250,000.00 Tangible Recurring Costs Category In $US Maintenance cost $ 25,000.00 Total Tangible Recurring Costs $ 25,000.00 Payback Analysis Benefits of option 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Material costs $ 18,000.00 $36,000.00 $72,000.00 $90,000.00 $ - Total Benefits $ 18,000 $ 36,000 $ 72,000 $ 90,000 $ - Costs of option 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Development costs $ 250,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Maintenance costs $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 Total Costs $ 275,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 Net benefits/costs $ (257,000) $ 11,000 $ 47,000 $ 65,000 $ (25,000) Cumulative benefits/costs $ (257,000) $ (246,000) $ (199,000) $ (134,000) $(159,000) Break Even Period 2.31325301 The cost benefit analysis illustrates that it will require 2.31 years to return the investment done to implement the solution. Risks associated with the solution The major risk that is associated with incorporation of the solution is incorporation of wireless technology may require the existing employees to upgrade their technical skills and expertise. This in turn will require the organization to arrange for training of the employees that may lead to increase in cost. Hence the organization may think replacing the existing employees with new skilled workers that may affect the operational activities within the facility. Bibliography Bazargan, M., Lange, D., Tran, L. and Zhou, Z., 2013. A simulation approach to airline cost benefit analysis.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,14(2), p.54. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hastings, N.A.J., 2015. CostBenefit Analysis. InPhysical Asset Management(pp. 239-248). Springer International Publishing. He, H.R., Kotlarsky, J. and Gholami, R., 2014. Towards Understanding IT Value Co-creation in Crowdsourcing: the Multiple Stakeholders Perspective. Mishan, E.J., 2015.Elements of Cost-Benefit Analysis (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Tarhini, A., Ammar, H. and Tarhini, T., 2015. Analysis of the critical success factors for enterprise resource planning implementation from stakeholders perspective: A systematic review.International Business Research,8(4), p.25.

Push Ups free essay sample

Diolch. Distributed by Publishers Group West Please Note This book has been written and published strictly for informational purposes, and in no way should be used as a substitute for consultation with health care professionals. you should not consider educational material herein to be the practice of medicine or to replace consultation with a physician or other medical practitioner. The author and publisher are providing you with information in this work so that you can have the knowledge and can choose, at your own risk, to act on that knowledge.In simple terms, an equal effort is required IntroductIon 11 to lower your body and raise it back up, and it’s this controlled pace that works muscles as a team through three types of muscle-building resistance—concentric, eccentric and isometric. The benefits of push-ups are plentiful. Push-ups will improve muscular endurance within the upper body, strengthen both muscles and bones, create lean muscle mass that raises your metabolism and, of course, help keep you fit and healthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Push Ups or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you’re just looking to develop a great chest, arms and shoulders, you could do much worse than follow along with the 100 Push-Ups plan. In addition, I guarantee you’ll be surprised as your core strength goes through the roof, too! Speaking as an aging but competitive runner, I’ll be the first to admit I’ve neglected my upper body strength in the past. However, in recent times I realized the importance of developing muscular strength and endurance and as a result went in search of an easy-tofollow but challenging exercise regime.The solution, I soon found, was the good oldfashioned push-up—a classic compound exercise to develop muscular endurance in the chest, shoulders and arms. The logic I followed was simple: an increase in upper body strength would help me become a better runner and, when the going got tough toward the end of a race, my overall strength would kick in and see me through to the finish line. I loved the fact that push-ups were su ch a straightforward exercise and could be performed literally anywhere with no special equipment. I took time to research various existing plans and workouts, and the rest, as they say, is history. People lose up to two percent of muscle mass per year, eventually losing as much as 50 percent of muscle mass in the course of a lifetime. The effects of losing muscle mass include a decrease in strength, greater susceptibility to injury, and an increase in body fat. The good news, however, is regular exercise enlarges muscle fibers and will help stave off the decline by increasing the strength of muscle you have left.In fact, in many cases, strength training has been proven to reverse the loss of muscle mass and bone density due to aging. I understand the most intimidating step is the first one. That’s why this book also covers basic warm-up and stretching information and a variety of programs to suit all levels. In addition, you’ll learn motivational tips and proper push-up technique, as well as be exposed to an array of alternative push-up styles if so required. Still need proof that the 7 Weeks to 100 Push-Ups plan is for you? ead the testimonials (see pages 28–31) from real people who have completed 100 consecutive push-ups and find out how a regular strength-training regime impacted their lives. 13 About the Book Fitness gains cannot be made without a concerted effort and a disciplined regime. After taking an initial test to determine your current fitness level, this book will guide you through a seven-week plan that is sure to set you on the road to a new, improved you. Hundreds of people just like yourself have already completed the program and been amazed at the results.All it takes is the will to succeed, steely determination and a small time commitment each week. 14 7 Weeks to 100 Push-uPs This book contains four major sections, each with a specific goal. Part 1 introduces the seven-week program, defines how to perform the perfect push-up, describes why push-ups are a fantastic exercise and details the benefits of following a structured training program. It also contains real-life testimonials from people who have successfully completed 100 consecutive push-ups, a list of frequently asked questions and steps to follow before embarking on the program.

The Magna Carta essays

The Magna Carta essays Power in Medieval England was unorganized and corrupt. Past rulers such as King John (1199-1216) had abused their positions and unsuccessfully carried out their obligations. The Magna Carta came into existence in 1215 for the purpose of limiting the authority of the king and his officials. It was the first step in creating a constitutional government in England. Clause fourteen accounts for taxation without representation. Taxes were created by a number of officials that followed certain procedures outlined in the document. Several other clauses such as twelve and fifteen limit the use of tax money in a way that seems to be irrelevant and incomplete. In the years before the Magna Carta, the taxation system was poorly arranged and taxes were imposed unfairly, which led to the unjust treatment of the people. The clauses lacked details but were valuable because no other system made these kinds of limitations. Clause thirty-nine makes a trial available to any freeman accused of a crime. No freeman can be imprisoned or punished without a trial. This important clause is preceded by clause thirty-eight which does not allow any freeman to be put on trial without a reason. Some justice can be upheld with these few clauses but can be ultimately disregarded by a wealthy official. Loopholes existed in great numbers. The ideas behind these clauses are beneficial yet weak because of the imprecision behind the structure. Several clauses throughout the Magna Carta were created to secure other clauses. Clause thirty-six says that any clauses preceding it would not be denied to any freeman. It is ironic how the following clauses concern the typical citizen the most. Clause sixty three does not allow any of the other sixty-two clauses to be used in bad faith. This clause makes it punishable to misuse any part of the Magna Carta. The writers left plenty of room for abuse. Without these securities, the ideas behind ...

American History Since 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History Since 1877 - Essay Example However, challenges still loomed for blacks in the 1870s such as the â€Å"Ku Klux period†1. However, since the 1870s, America has undergone numerous changes to become the modern day world’s super power. This paper examines American history since 1877 to the present date. After the civil war, most of the population in America moved to the west and towards the end of the 19th century, cities begun to expand. During this period, America also witnessed growth contributed by industrial revolution thus opening up more businesses and creating the principle of laissez faire.Further, employment opportunities where created during this period and marked the introduction of wage workers. Regulations such as protective tariff were also introduced on traded commodities and to favor domestic business owners. On the other hand, the whites gained control of the South during this period and denied blacks voting rights. The barring of blacks from voting was made possible by the introduction of new laws and intimidation. Further, the relationship between the Federal government and Native America also suffered during this period where most of the Natives were forced into reservations2. In the early decades of the 20th century, saw the rejection of the principle of the laissez-faire economy emphasized in the Gilded Age. Leaders in America during this era were more progressive in terms of pressing for new changes. An example in this sense, involves pressurizing the government to regulate corporations. Consequently, the Federal government endeavored in breaking up large monopolies in the country. Progressive reformation during this period also saw the introduction of tax on the rich as a means of redistributing wealth to the disadvantaged in the society. This period further marked the transition from a republican federation of states to democracy of national citizens. However,

Management in Robin Hood band Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management in Robin Hood band - Essay Example He selected four lieutenants, where one was placed in charge of intelligence and scouting, the other one responsible for maintain discipline among the members of the band, the third one entrusted with the role of managing the finances of the band and the last lieutenant authorized to undertake the provisioning of the ever increasing band. The purpose/value statement of the band was â€Å"Rob the rich and give to the poor† (Lampel, 1). However, the band did not live up to its mission and eventually wanted to change from confiscating of goods to start taxing the people. This was a point of failure, since the band lost its purpose and mission, a fact that served to weaken its fight against the Sherriff. The key stakeholders were the members of the band, the enemy who was the Sherriff, the political allies and friends of the Sherriff, the rich merchants and traders and the not so well-up village people. Each of the stakeholders had their expectations. The band members expected to defeat the Sherriff, the village people expected their interests to be fought for by the band, the Sherriff expected to defeat the band and the allies of the Sherriff expected to remain in power. ... le, when the leader suggested the taxation of the people in order to make enough finances to fund the bands operation, the band members opposed to the taxation of the people, whom they considered their allies. The threats to the band were the decline in the sources of supplies for their food and finances, as well as the increased growth in strength of their enemy, the Sherriff. The opportunities open to the band was its collaboration with the barons who were against Prince John, a conspiracy that would earn the band future amnesty. The key issues arising from the analysis is the inappropriateness of the leadership style applied by the bandleader. A one-man leadership style did not seem to work, especially as the number of the band grew to enormous. Lack of commitment to the mission and purpose of the band is yet another issue. Another issue is that the band lacked a plan and a projection of the future growth crisis of the band, as well as the decline in their financial and food resou rces. The underlying question for the bands organization then becomes, can the band overcome all the challenges facing it and stay committed to its course of fighting the Sherriff? Applying the five-factor model on the management of the band, there is a perceived fulfillment of the requirements of some elements of the model. For example, there is a high degree of sociability in the bands management, a high level of thoughtfulness as indicated by the deep thinking portrayed by the bands leader, emotional instability and anxiety is also present, as demonstrated by the anxiety that the leader has. Openness is yet another trait portrayed by the leader of the band, in terms of his imagination and insights (Lampel, 2). However, one element, as required by the five-factor model is missing in the

Impact of Modernism on Society

Impact of Modernism on Society What is modernism? What impact has modernism had on human society? Discuss the impact of the digital age on the social, economic and political life of societies today Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped Modernism was the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief. Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, and activities of daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new! was the touchstone of the movements approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. Nevertheless, its innovations, like the stream-of-consciousness novel, twelve-tone music and abstract art, all had precursors in the 19th century. Modernism, here limited to aesthetic modernism (see also modernity), describes a series of sometimes radical movements in art, architecture, photography, music, literature, and the applied arts which emerged in the three decades before 1914. Modernism has philosophical antecedents that can be traced to the eighteenth-century Enlightenment but is rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. Modernism encompasses the works of artists who rebelled against nineteenth-century academic and historicist traditions, believing that earlier aesthetic conventions were becoming outdated. Modernist movements, such as Cubism in the arts, Atonality in music, and Symbolism in poetry, directly and indirectly explored the new economic, social, and political aspects of an emerging fully industrialized world. Modernist art reflected the deracinated experience of life in which tradition, community, collective identity, and faith were eroding. In the twentieth century, the mechanized mass slaughter of the First World War was a watershed event that fueled modernist distrust of reason and further sundered complacent views of the steady moral improvement of human society and belief in progress. A notable characteristic of Modernism is self-consciousness, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody. Some commentators define Modernism as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technology. From this perspective, Modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was holding back progress, and replacing it with new ways of reaching the same end. Others focus on Modernism as an aesthetic introspection. This facilitates consideration of specific reactions to the use of technology in the First World War, and anti-technological and nihilistic aspects of the works of diverse thinkers and artists spanning the period from Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) to Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) MODERISM IMPACT HAS ON SOCIETY Many modernists believed that by rejecting tradition they could discover radically new ways of making art. Arnold Schoenberg believed that by rejecting traditional tonal harmony, the hierarchical system of organizing works of music which had guided music-making for at least a century and a half, and perhaps longer, he had discovered a wholly new way of organizing sound, based on the use of 12-note rows. This led to what is known as serial music by the post-war period. Abstract artists, taking as their examples from the Impressionists, as well as Paul CÃ ©zanne and Edvard Munch, began with the assumption that color and shape formed the essential characteristics of art, not the depiction of the natural world. Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, and Kazimir Malevich all believed in redefining art as the arrangement of pure color. The use of photography, which had rendered much of the representational function of visual art obsolete, strongly affected this aspect of Modernism. However, these artists also believed that by rejecting the depiction of material objects they helped art move from a materialist to a spiritualist phase of development. Other Modernists, especially those involved in design, had more pragmatic views. Modernist architects and designers believed that new technology rendered old styles of building obsolete. Le Corbusier thought that buildings should function as machines for living in, analogous to cars, which he saw as machines for traveling in. Just as cars had replaced the horse, so Modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages. Following this machine aesthetic, Modernist designers typically reject decorative motifs in design, preferring to emphasize the materials used and pure geometrical forms. The skyscraper, such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohes Seagram Building in New York (1956–1958), became the archetypal Modernist building. Modernist design of houses and furniture also typically emphasized simplicity and clarity of form, open-plan interiors, and the absence of clutter. Modernism reversed the nineteenth-century relationship of public and private: in the nineteenth century, public buildings were horizontally expansive for a variety of technical reasons, and private buildings emphasized verticality—to fit more private space on more and more limited land. In other arts, such pragmatic considerations were less important. In literature and visual art, some Modernists sought to defy expectations mainly in order to make their art more vivid, or to force the audience to take the trouble to question their own preconceptions. This aspect of Modernism has often seemed a reaction to consumer culture, which developed in Europe and North America in the late-nineteenth century. Whereas most manufacturers try to make products that will be marketable by appealing to preferences and prejudices, High Modernists rejected such consumerist attitudes in order to undermine conventional thinking. IMPACT OF SOCIAL CHANGES ON EDUCATION Social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. It may refer to the notion of social progress or socio cultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means. It may refer to a paradigmatic change in the socio-economic structure, for instance a shift away from feudalism and towards capitalism. Accordingly it may also refer to social revolution, such as the Socialist revolution presented in Marxism, or to other social movements, such as Womens suffrage or the Civil rights movement. Social change may be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces. More generally, social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social development is widely recognized today. Social change may take place when humans need change. When the existing social system or network of social institutions fails to meet the existing human needs and when new materials suggest better ways of meeting human needs. Education can initiate social changes by bringing about a change in outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the pattern of social relationships and thereby it may cause social changes. Earlier educational institutions and teachers used to show a specific way of life to the students and education was more a means of social control than an instrument of social change. Modern educational institutions do not place much emphasis upon transmitting a way of life to the students. The traditional education was meant for an unchanging static society not marked by any change. But today education aims at imparting knowledge. Education was associated with religion. EDUCATION AND CULTURE Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge good judgement and wisdom. Durkheim sees education as the socialization of the younger generation .It is a continuous effort to impose on the child ways of seeing,feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously. Education has as one of its fundamental goals the imparting of culture from generation to generation. Culture is a growing whole. There can be no break in the continuity of culture. The cultural elements are passed on through the agents like family, school and other associations. All societies maintain themselves through their culture. Culture here refers to a set of beliefs, skills, art, literature, philosophy, religion, music etc which must be learned. This social heritage must be transmitted through social organizations. Education has this function of cultural transmission in all societies. The curriculum of a school ,its extra-curricular activities and the informal relationships among students and teachers communicate social skills and values. Through various activities school imparts values such as co-operation , team spirit ,obedience ,discipline etc. Education acts an integrative force in the society by communicating values that unites different sections of society. The school teach skills to the children which help them later to integrate within the culture of the society. Education in its formal or informal pattern has been performing this role since time immemorial. Education can be looked upon as process from this point of view also. Education has brought phenomenal changes in every aspect of mans life. TYPE OF SOCIAL CHANGE Civilization change It refers to the dress, food habits, production technologies, communication system, etc. Cultural change It is associated with new knowledge. Religion, rituals, arts, literature etc. Change in social relationship. It is the relationship between the father and son, teacher and student, husband and wife, etc. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Geographical factors like climatic conditions that influence the climatic conditions. Psychological factors like motivation, individualisation etc Sociological factors like social conflicts, social oppressions, modernization etc. Explosion of population The environmental factors like newly built cities, industrialised and urbanised natural environment. The scientific and technological factors like technical advancements, new inventions, modern machineries, tools, etc. The ideological factors like social philosophy, political philosophy and religious philosophy. The legislative factors like legislation on temple entry, banning child marriages etc. The impact of western civilisation and cultural diffusion Contact of people with different countries The level of education and literacy attained by the society Modernisation of the society New attitudes to wealth, work, saving and risk taking War, natural calamities, revolutions, migration of people, etc RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE According to V.R.Taneja Education and social change is a two way traffic. While education preserves, transmits and disseminates the whole culture, social change is the instrument and precondition of educational thought. 1. EDUCATION AS A CONDITON OF SOCIAL CHANGE. It is noted that social change is impossible without education. Education makes the people aware of the inadequacies of the existing system and creates a craze for social reform. Many of the old superstitions, beliefs and outdated customs. Which is retard social progress, can be prevented by education. It is to be noted that many progressive reforms like Hindu Code Bill and Untouchability Removal Act remained ineffective due to the illiteracy of a large number of Indian people. 2. EDUCATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE. Education is considered as a powerful instrument for social change, because it deals mainly with the thought patterns and behaviour patterns of younger generation. The axe of education can cut down the thick roots of traditional superstitions, ignorance and the backwardness. Education prepares the people for social change. 3. EDUCATION AS AN EFFECT OF SOCIAL CHANGE. In the wake of social change, people become aware of the need for educational progress. The changes caused by the political upheaval, industrialisation, technological progress and religious reform movements naturally demands more education in order to maintain social equilibrium. In India the enrolment in educational institutions has increased enormously since independence. We can summarize the following relationship between education and social change in the following way: Education initiates the social change and gives them direction and purpose. Education creates the social reformers and leaders who consciously make all the efforts to bring about social changes. Education prepares the individual for social changes. It brings a change in the need dispositions and also creates frustrations with the status quo. Education determines the nature of social changes, which ought to be brought about.

Memes Shaping the Blogosphere :: Memetics Science Genes Brain Essays

Memes Shaping the Blogosphere The science of memetics – the scientific and systematic study of memes and their propagation – is not quite considered a science yet. People will concede that memes are a key factor in cultural evolution, but they are too difficult to track, too unpredictable to study closely. Unless we "someday discover a striking identity between brain structures storing the same information, allowing us to identify memes syntactically" (Dennett 354), it would seem that there is little hope for a science of memetics. How can we explore and apply memetics to culture if we cannot isolate and investigate the memes themselves, and their behaviors and effects? While memes' motion and influence through culture at large is perhaps impossible to analyze using a precise methodology, memes' virus-like spread on the internet – most notably throughout the so-called "blogosphere" – is easier to follow. Consequently, it is also much easier to highlight how memes have directed the evolution of the "blogosphere," and, indeed, of blogging and internet itself. Richard Dawkins, who is credited with coining the term "meme," defines it as: ...a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation... Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperm or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation (Dennett 344-5). Since the blogosphere can be defined as the internet space populated by weblogs, memes travel through it not from brain to brain, but from page to page, leaving a trail that can be monitored and analyzed. Memes have been an important part of the blogging world since at least 2001, when "Best Meme" first appeared as a category in The Bloggies, the annual Oscars of weblogging. The winner in the "Best Meme" category that year was "A Day Without Weblogs," which suggested that each December 1st, people use their weblogs to link to information and resources about AIDS, in memory of those who had died. "A Day Without Weblogs" had in fact begun with only fifty blogs in 1999, but by 2001, over 1,000 webloggers participated (Link and Think, 2003). The success of "A Day Without Weblogs" was one of the first demonstrations of the power and reach of the blogging community. The success of the project helped bring crucial attention to a serious issue, and mobilized many casual web surfers to donate time and money to the cause. Memes Shaping the Blogosphere :: Memetics Science Genes Brain Essays Memes Shaping the Blogosphere The science of memetics – the scientific and systematic study of memes and their propagation – is not quite considered a science yet. People will concede that memes are a key factor in cultural evolution, but they are too difficult to track, too unpredictable to study closely. Unless we "someday discover a striking identity between brain structures storing the same information, allowing us to identify memes syntactically" (Dennett 354), it would seem that there is little hope for a science of memetics. How can we explore and apply memetics to culture if we cannot isolate and investigate the memes themselves, and their behaviors and effects? While memes' motion and influence through culture at large is perhaps impossible to analyze using a precise methodology, memes' virus-like spread on the internet – most notably throughout the so-called "blogosphere" – is easier to follow. Consequently, it is also much easier to highlight how memes have directed the evolution of the "blogosphere," and, indeed, of blogging and internet itself. Richard Dawkins, who is credited with coining the term "meme," defines it as: ...a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation... Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperm or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation (Dennett 344-5). Since the blogosphere can be defined as the internet space populated by weblogs, memes travel through it not from brain to brain, but from page to page, leaving a trail that can be monitored and analyzed. Memes have been an important part of the blogging world since at least 2001, when "Best Meme" first appeared as a category in The Bloggies, the annual Oscars of weblogging. The winner in the "Best Meme" category that year was "A Day Without Weblogs," which suggested that each December 1st, people use their weblogs to link to information and resources about AIDS, in memory of those who had died. "A Day Without Weblogs" had in fact begun with only fifty blogs in 1999, but by 2001, over 1,000 webloggers participated (Link and Think, 2003). The success of "A Day Without Weblogs" was one of the first demonstrations of the power and reach of the blogging community. The success of the project helped bring crucial attention to a serious issue, and mobilized many casual web surfers to donate time and money to the cause.

Contract Law – Intention to Oontract

Contract Law 1 Intention to Create Legal Relations In order for a contract to be valid there must be intention to create legal relations. Enright notes ‘the requirement of intention to create legal relations is a final doorkeeper in contract. It determines which agreements supported by consideration shall be covered by contract law and which shall merely be morally binding. ’ This requirement was expressly stated for the first time in Heilbut, Symons & Co V Buckleton.Friel notes that important as there are a great many agreements and arrangements that, though possessing many of the characteristics of contract, probably are not intended to attract legal consequences. Intention to be legally bound operates on the basis of presumptions. The test for intention is objective. The court will impute intention to create legal relations to the parties on the basis on external factors rather than on the workings of the parties’ minds. Intention and Presumptions There are two presumptions in this area: 1.There is a presumption that agreements between family members or friends are not intended to be legally binding. 2. There is a presumption that agreements which are made in a commercial context are intended to be legally binding. Social and Domestic Arrangements A close family of social relationship raises a presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. The seminal case, Balfour V Balfour involved maintenance payments to be sent home to his wife while he was working abroad. The court held that agreements between husband and wife are not intended to be legally binding.The closer the blood relationship the more readily the presumption will be raised and the more distant the degree of blood relationship, the more likely the courts will infer an intention to be legally binding. This can be seen in Simpkins V Pays where an informal agreement between a landlord and his lodger, to enter into a weekly competition, held lodger entitled to share of winnings, despite landlord’s evidence that there was no intention to be legally bound. Rogers V Smith shows the same principal in Balfour V Balfour applied to other family relationships. It was held in this case that the agreement between a mother nd her son did not attract legal relations. Likewise in Mckay V Jones where a nephew had worked on his uncle’s farm for some years without payment, claimed that the uncle had promised to the farm when he died. Deale J. Ruled that it was nothing more than a statement of intention or wish by the deceased†¦.. no promise was made as the agreement was between family members. In contrast to this case is McCarron V McCarron where a child worked without reward for 16 years. The child was said to have lost out more in McCarron and therefore had a greater detriment or reliance on the compensation promised.The dates between this cases may explain the different points of view. In Leahy V Rawson found that an agreement between her no n-marital partner’s brother, did not attract the presumption as it only applies to the closest family kinships, such as parent and child and spouses. The courts also held the same principal in social arrangements as was shown in Hadley V Kemp. In this case the court raised the presumption that an agreement as to the sharing of songwriter’s loyalties with other members of his band (Spandau Ballet) was not intended to create legal relations.Enright notes that a degree of intimacy is required between the parties in order to raise the presumption. The issue is not of status but closeness. We can contrast Balfour with Merritt V Merritt. As in Balfour, the parties were husband and wife and the agreement concerned an allowance, yet, in Merritt, the court chose to enforce the agreement. Merritt is distinguished however, on the grounds that the husband and wife were separated, so they were not in a close relationship any longer and so the presumption of lack of intention to cre ate legal relations could not be raise.For the same reason, and as it appears in Courtney V Courtney, a separation agreement will not attract the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. It is the parties’ relationship at the time of contracting which matters. That is clear from the mother-daughter case of Jones V Padavatton. In this case, the mother agreed to maintain her daughter if she came home and studied for the Bar. Over time their relationship broke down but the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations stood because of their close relationship at the time. Rebutting the PresumptionThere is some authority to the effect that the courts are more likely to find that the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations has been rebutted where one party has relied on the agreement. This is seen in Parker V Clarke, involved two couples who were close friends. The Clarks told the Parkers if they sold their cottage they could move in with them, that the Clarks would leave some of their considerable estate to the Parkers on his death. Sometime after the couple moved in they fell out and the Parkers were forced to move out. They sued the Clarks for breach of contract.Because of the parties close relationship at the time of contracting, the presumption was that it was not intended to be legally binding. However, the court found that the Parkers’ detrimental reliance on the agreement in leaving their home was a factor strong enough to rebut the presumption, and intention to create legal relations was thereby found. The party alleging that a family agreement was intended to be legally binding bears the onus of rebutting the presumption that it was not so intended. It is significant that in a family agreement was made in a business context.So, for example, an agreement made in connection with a family business, such as that between brothers, directors of the company in Snelling V John G Snelling Ltd, is unl ikely to fall foul of the presumption of lack of intention to create legal relations. The words used by the parties in setting out their agreement and, in particular, the level of certainty attaching to the agreement were also important. The fact that the parties have taken time to set out their agreement with formality and precision suggests that they intended it to be legally bound.On the other hand, where an agreement is expressed in vague terms, it tends to suggest that the parties did not intend to create a legally binding agreement. This is clear from Vaughan V Vaughan. This case concerned a couple who were no longer living in amity. They had agreed that the wife could stay in the matrimonial home. However, they had not decided how long she could stay for, or on what terms. Accordingly, their agreement was so vague in its essentials that the Court could not confer intention to create legal intentions in it.Commercial Agreements Commercial agreements raise the presumption that intention to create legal relations is present. It is difficult to rebut this assumption. The burden of proof is on the party seeking to deny it and that burden, according to Edwards V Skyways, is a heavy one. Vagueness on the essential terms of the contract tends to suggest an absence of intention to create legal relations. For example, the courts will rarely be able to find intention to create legal relations in so-called sales puffs.Thus, in Lambert V Lewis, no contract arose from a manufacturer’s statement that his product was ‘foolproof’ and ‘required no maintenance’ because his statements were ‘not intended to be, nor were they, acted on as being express warranties’. A lot depends on the facts of the case at hand. In Esso Petroleum V Commissioner of Customs and Excise, a binding contract was deemed to arise from a transaction in which football tokens were offered to anyone who purchased four gallons of the plaintiff’s petrol .According to Lord Simon ‘†¦. the whole transaction took place in a setting of business relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, the purpose of the offer being commercial: Esso wanted the public to buy its petrol. Rebutting the Presumption Cadbury Ireland Ltd V Kerry Co-Op shows how a number of factors can operate to rebut the presumption of intention to create legal relations. In this case, a clause held not intended to be legally binding despite its solemnity: it was an argument to draw up a detailed agreement, but could not be relied upon itself.Even in a commercial context, the presumption in favour of the intention to create legal relations can be dispatched by a very clear expression of lack of intention. A classic example of this is in Rose and Frank Co V Crompton Bros. In this case, the parties had agreed that the plaintiff would be permitted to distribute the defendants’ goods in the US. The agreement however contained an ‘honourable pledge clause’. The cour t held that the agreement could not be enforced because of this clause. The court also found the wording precise enough to rebut the presumption in Jones V Vernon’s Pools Ltd.Collective Agreements Where a trade union negotiates an agreement with an employer on behalf of its members, does this agreement attract the presumption of intention to create legal relations? In the English case of Ford Motor Co Ltd V Amalgamated Union of Engineering and Foundry Workers, it is said that the presumption in relation to collective agreements is that they are not made with the intention to create legal relations. However, Irish Law takes a contrary view, tending to favour the enforcement of collective agreements via contract.So in Ardmore Studios V Lynch, it was suggested that a collective agreement which is set out in a clear specific manner will take legal effect. The Supreme Court took up this thread in Goulding Chemicals V Bolger. For the purposes of Irish Law, it seems safe to say that collective agreements can be enforced in the same manner as any other commercial agreement and attract the presumption that the intention of legal relations is present. In O’Rourke V Talbot Ireland, Barrington J treated a collective agreement as a commercial agreement.Similarly, in King V Aer Lingus the Supreme Court took the view that some of the commitments given by Aer Lingus to its employees as part of a collective agreement were binding. A problem that continues to afflict collective agreements, however, is their characteristically vague language – the majority of collective agreements will be void for uncertainty. Letters of Intent V Letters of Comfort Enright notes that a letter of comfort is a document designed to reassure the person to whom it is provided about certain matters while stopping short of making any binding promise.A good example of the effects of a letter of comfort arose in Kleinwort Benson V Malaysia Mining Corp. Bhd. In this case, the plaintif f bank had agreed to lend money to the subsidiary of the Malaysia Mining Corporation. In the course of negotiations for the loan, the bank received a letter of comfort stating that: ‘it is policy to ensure that the business of our subsidiary is at all times in a position to meet its liabilities to you under the above arrangements. ’ Despite this reassurance, the Court of Appeal concluded that this statement did not bind the defendant.The letter was not, in fact, purporting a binding promise. It was simply stating that company’s policy, a policy that might be changed or adjusted in response to novel circumstances. It is important to note, however, that there is no concrete rule precluding a letter of comfort from giving rise to legal relations. Whether or not such letters creates a legally binding promise is a matter to to be discerned primarily from the language used. The simple fact that the words ‘letter of comfort’ have been used, while evidently relevant, may not conclusively prevent the agreement rom having legal implications. There is a lot of uncertainty in this area as in seen in the case of Wilson Smithett & Cape (Sugar) Ltd V Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation. A letter of intent, in contrast to a comfort letter, is one in which a person or company seeks to induce another entity to undertake work to incur expenditure, while denying or limiting liability to that other entity, often by insisting that liability turned on concluding a formal contract at a later date.In AC Controls Ltd V BBC, the court summarised the principals in relation to letters on intent. The general principal on letters of intent that seek to authorise work, materials or services pending the conclusion of a later contract is that such letters will be viewed as contracts in themselves as long as objective is present. In ERDC Group Ltd V Brunel University, the Court held that the work done prior to September had all been on the authority as set out in the series of Letters of Intent.The judge thought that the usual requirements for a contract were all there (intention to create a legal relationship, certainty, etc) and had all been there until 1 September. He therefore found that there had been a contract until then. Accordingly, ERDC was to be paid on the basis specified in the letters – the JCT rules. Conclusion It is contended that the requirement of intention to create legal intentions largely makes sense.Social and domestic agreements have the presumption as not having intention to create legal relations as there is a belief that such formalities are not required in this type of relationship. Enright notes that there are two reasons why this is employed. Firstly, if the rule were that social and domestic agreements were always legally binding, the courts might be flooded with petty disputes and the second is because it is felt that people should have the freedom to make certain types of private, persona l agreements without drawing the interference of the law into their lives.It is also understood that Commercial Agreements are correct as they do have the intention to create legal relations as there is the acceptance that such formalities should be required in this type of relationship. The ways to rebut this assumption also makes sense as it can be rebutted if the essential terms of the contract are vague or if the party seeking to deny it can prove that there was no intention. Enright notes the burden of proof is on the party seeking to deny it and that burden according to Edwards V Skyways, is a heavy one.

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